What is safer cash or bonds?
Cash – including high-yield savings accounts, short CDs – money market funds, and bond funds, are all perceived as relatively “safe” investments but differ in terms of their risk level and return potential. Cash is the least risky of the three but offers the lowest potential return.
Bond returns have consistently exceeded the returns of cash and cash equivalents. From 2008-2022, bonds outperformed cash by a 2.1% annual average. While 2022 was the worst-performing year in the modern history of the bond market, the year's results failed to offset the outperformance of the preceding 15 years.
The biggest difference between bonds and cash are that bonds are investments while cash is simply money itself. Cash, therefore is prone to lose its buying power due to inflation but is also at zero risk of losing its nominal value, and is the most liquid asset there is.
Money markets are extremely low risk, with a typical par value of $1. Short-term bonds carry a greater degree of risk depending on the issuer, which may be a company, a government, or an agency.
Investors benefit from the low-risk yield and high liquidity of cash investments. Although interest rates are low and a favorable interest rate can only be locked in temporarily, an investor can have access to their money within a short period of time.
Disadvantages of Corporate Bonds
If the issuer goes out of business, the investor may never get the promised interest payments or even get their principal back. Corporate bonds are generally considered riskier than government bonds because governments have the option of raising taxes to meet their obligations.
But there's a reason you don't just keep bills in a safe: inflation, which gradually erodes the spending power of your dollar. That's why it's generally advisable to park your cash in a vehicle that maintains liquidity and safety, but also gives you a chance to keep up with inflation.
Buying government bonds is a safe investment and it's highly unlikely that you'll lose money. That said, these low-risk investments aren't known for their high returns and gains can be further diminished by inflation and changing interest rates.
So, if the bond market declines or crashes, your investment account will likely feel it in some way. This can be especially concerning for investors with portfolios heavily weighted toward bonds, such as those in or near retirement.
Even if the stock market crashes, you aren't likely to see your bond investments take large hits. However, businesses that have been hard hit by the crash may have a difficult time repaying their bonds.
Why are bonds better than cash?
With longer-term bonds, in return for taking on the interest rate risk (duration), investors are exposed to less reinvestment risk. With cash or other short-term investments, an investor takes very little interest rate risk but is exposed to extreme reinvestment risk.
Bottom Line
Moving 401(k) assets into bonds could make sense if you're closer to retirement age or you're generally a more conservative investor overall. However, doing so could potentially cost you growth in your portfolio over time.
Short-term bond yields are high currently, but with the Federal Reserve poised to cut interest rates investors may want to consider longer-term bonds or bond funds. High-quality bond investments remain attractive.
Certificates of deposit (CDs) issued by banks and credit unions also carry deposit insurance. U.S. government securities–such as Treasury notes, bills, and bonds–have historically been considered extremely safe because the U.S. government has never defaulted on its debt.
Saving is generally seen as preferable for investors with short-term financial goals, a low risk tolerance, or those in need of an emergency fund. Investing may be the best option for people who already have a rainy-day fund and are focused on longer-term financial goals or those who have a higher risk tolerance.
Where to safely keep cash at home. Just like any other piece of paper, cash can get lost, wet or burned. Consider buying a fireproof and waterproof safe for your home. It's also useful for storing other valuables in your home such as jewelry and important personal documents.
Call risk is the likelihood that a bond's term will be cut short by the issuer if interest rates fall. Default risk is the chance that the issuer will be unable to meet its financial obligations. Inflation risk is the possibility that inflation will erode the value of a fixed-price bond issue.
Holding bond funds for shorter periods than that opens you to the risk of further, short-term gyrations in your fund's value, without sufficient time for recovery. And if you buy longer-term individual bonds and have to sell them, you risk the kinds of losses that investors have been experiencing lately.
All bonds carry some degree of "credit risk," or the risk that the bond issuer may default on one or more payments before the bond reaches maturity. In the event of a default, you may lose some or all of the income you were entitled to, and even some or all of principal amount invested.
John Ramey, founder of The Prepared site, which offers courses on emergency preparation, recommends people keep enough money on hand to survive for at least two weeks without cards and access to bank accounts, and to build up a stockpile from there.
Should I move everything to cash?
While holding or moving to cash might feel good mentally and help avoid short-term stock market volatility, it is unlikely to be wise over the long term. Once you cash out a stock that's dropped in price, you move from a paper loss to an actual loss.
“Some of your funds should be positioned in cash instruments to meet more immediate needs, but money that is intended to achieve long-term objectives should be invested in assets like stocks and bonds to work toward those goals.”
Currently, Treasuries maturing in less than a year yield about the same as a CD. Therefore, all things considered, it likely makes more sense to choose Treasuries over CDs, depending on your situation, because of the tax benefits and liquidity when considering very short-term maturities.
Face Value | Purchase Amount | 30-Year Value (Purchased May 1990) |
---|---|---|
$50 Bond | $100 | $207.36 |
$100 Bond | $200 | $414.72 |
$500 Bond | $400 | $1,036.80 |
$1,000 Bond | $800 | $2,073.60 |
Federal bonds or US Treasury bonds are issued by the Federal Reserve System (made up of the central bank and monetary authority of the United States.) Investors favor Treasury bonds during a recession because they're considered to be a safe investment.
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